Introduction: | Sapphire has excellent thermal conduction and heat radiation, being resistant to common chemical acids and alkaline. Sapphire can withstand high pressures and suited for many applications when used as a window in harsh environments. Sapphire Substrates (Sapphire Wafers, Sapphire Plates, Sapphire Windows) are manufactured in a random or specified orientation. Sapphire Substrates are extremely hard and scratch resistant useful for their (UV) ultraviolet, (VIS) visible and (IR) infrared transmission. For some applications, sapphire columns or tubes are requested for bearing high pressure capabilities
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